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Grade One

1.1.1  Value self and others as unique individuals in relation to their world…

·         Belonging to Groups    This website offers lessons and activities to cover the concepts involving: identity, self, groups, similarities, differences, and cooperation.

·      Understanding Other Cultures Around the World    Kidland encourages creative expression and cross-cultural understanding among the world's children. Anyone in the world can enjoy watching kids interact and learn from them.

·   Children's Rights Around the World    This site will help locate sites to help with the discussions of children's rights around the world.

·   Voices of Youth    Voices of Youth-This is a UNICEF sight that allows students to explore some of the issues related to "Children's Rights"  Although this may be too difficult for Gr. Ones alone, it can be presented to show that the rights we have in Canada, are not necessarily the same in other countries around the world.  

·   Children's Rights- Clean Water    A great Water Game for the students to complete. Students will make important decisions about how to improve the water in an African village.  In the lower grades you would need to go through this as a whole class or small groups. Tie this into discussions on student rights to clean water.

·   Children's Rights    Cartoons for Children's Rights is a UNICEF broadcast initiative that aims to inform people around the world about children’s rights. (See also ‘What are children’s rights?’ below.) So far, the effort has forged partnerships with many well-known animation studios that have developed more than 80 half-minute public service announcements (PSAs). Videos are in Real format.

1.1.2  Value the groups and communities to which they belong…

·      Build Your Community    Interactive site. Identifying buildings. Kids match goods and services to buildings in their community. Community WebQuest (also in French)

·   Relationships, Rules and Responsibilities    This site has links to four simple activities – two about responsibility and rules, and two about communities.   

·   Learn Alberta Videos    Dinner for Two and Door to Door are two short videos on this site about conflict resolution.  You need your school’s Learn Alberta password to access this site.   

1.1.3  Examine how they belong and are connected to their world by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry…

·        Junior Forest Wardens    For teachers and parents. Explore the history, mission statement and information about organization.

·    Girl Guides of Alberta- Sparks    Sparks-5&6 yr. girls. This site has information on Sparks and other Girl Guide groups. Use to explore the purpose of joining such groups whether it is available in your area. 

·    Beavers    Beavers (boys and girls ages 5-7). Sharing the Adventure Fun and friendship are the cornerstones of the Beaver program A site for teachers and parents to find out more about this group and its purpose and benefits to child development. Students can send postcards and participate in activities on the site.

1.1.4  Determine what makes their communities thrive by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry…

·        My Neighborhood This website includes books that the students can read, or an audio file that will read the book to students as they follow along.  My Neighborhood book is good for Grade One Social Studies.

·    I’ve Been Working in the Neighborhood  Exploring the World of Community Helpers.  A class project studying the people who help in our communities, plus a culminating activity suitable for grade one.  American titles, but the information is still relevant. 

·     Ecokids  This program is geared primarily to kids aged 7 to 12, but materials can be adapted to suit younger and older age groups. Online information, activities, and interactive games about current environmental issues.  

·     Water is a Treasure  Downloadable poster and teacher’s guide for all levels dealing with age-appropriate ways to conserve water in our communities.

·     Earth Day Site  This site has several primary science and social lesson plans to help kids reduce their ecological footprint. 

1.1.5   Distinguish geographic features in their own community from other  communities by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry…

·          Box Town   Create your community from boxes. This is an easy way to make a toy town using old boxes, cartons, colored paper, scissors, tape, paper tubes, and crayons.

·    My Community   Project outline on how to study your community. Step-by-step lesson on how to make a picture project of your community.

·    Community Images Collection Pictures of a variety of people who could be found in your community. Shows some cultural differences. 

·    Build a Neighborhood  An interactive site where students can make a variety of neighborhoods such as rural or urban.

·    Community Map    Create a map of the places important to you in your community.  This site provides intro info, materials needed, and specific directions as well as links to other mapping sites.  Would integrate well with an art unit and be a good culminating activity to a mapping or community unit. 

·    Relationships, Rules and Responsibilities This site has links to four simple activities – two about responsibility and rules, and two about communities.  There is also a link to teacher resources, one of which is a set of five buildings that students can print out and color to make a community. 

·     Build a Neighborhood Students can click and drag items to build a rural or urban (or fairy tale) community.

·     Brain Pop- Social Studies The Social Studies area has some activities for young children to differentiate between urban and rural communities.  Includes a video & games. 

·    Google Earth A free (safe) downloadable program that allows you to visit any place on earth.  Zooms in from outer space.

·        Urban and Rural Pictures  PowerPoint presentation  for students to show urban and rural pictures (in French also) Kidspiration Alphabet Book Project.

·     Maps and Other Teacher Reproducibles  Here you will find a collection of reproducible maps of Canada and North America .  

·     Map Quest  This program contains maps of all cities and towns.

·     Where is the Rosie? An Introduction to Mapping  A ready to use Alberta-made lesson plan using the book Rosie’s Walk which includes everything from outcomes, skills & processes to resources and reflection questions.

·    Create a Postcard of Tourist Attractions    Create a postcard and print it off.  This will go nicely with the "Postcards to Barnaby" section  

·     Uncovering Stories of Our Community Landmarks  A ready to use Alberta-made lesson plan from the Calgary Regional Consortium's Infusion project.

1.2.1 Appreciate how stories and events of the past connect their families and communities to the present…  

·         A Family Tree  This is a simple project for making a family tree.  Easy enough to do in class or have the child and his/her family do at home.  Lists materials and step by step directions.

·    Make Your Family Tree Today     This is a pictorial family tree.  Could be used after the previous activity.

·     Celebrations Around the World   Research the ways Christmas and other holidays are celebrated differently in other cultures around the world.

·    Early day Homesteaders    This site contains information of the days of pioneer life. It contains great information on school life, home life, homes, transportation, Pioneer Christmas, games and toys, and the different shops. Teacher will have to help grade one students navigate through the site. 

·    The Spirit of Alberta    To celebrate Alberta 's 2005 Centennial, 2Learn.ca and the teachers and students of Alberta are collaboratively creating a Virtual Centennial Showcase of the "Spirit of Alberta." The dreams and accomplishments of our past are honored by those who share their own dreams for our future. 2Learn.ca's 'Spirit of Alberta' website includes a wealth of resources, activities, and projects that will help you and your students make this year one to remember, and provide a legacy far into the future. There are interesting projects and pictures teachers could show the younger students.

·    Oki Niksokowa Oki Niksokowa means Hello our relatives. We call ourselves Niitsitapi, although we are known as the Blackfoot. This is our way of life. It is about how we lived with our families, the environment, and our neighbors. It is also about how these relationships are still important to us. Please come with us and learn about our culture and our history.

·    Indian and Northern Affairs   Kid's Stop-this site has lots of information and activities for kids looking for information about Native cultures.

1.2.2  Analyze how their families and communities in the present are influenced by events or people of the past by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry…

·       Moving Forward with the Past  A differentiated Grade One Social Studies Unit. This site was designed by a group of Black Gold Grade One teachers). French version provided.

·    Prairie Image Collection   A collection of pictures of the prairies. (rural)

·   Long Ago Pictures and Video    Pictures of pioneer life in Alberta .

·   From Little House to My House: Exploring Family Roles  This lesson uses the picture book of Little House in the Big Woods to teach students about the olden days, and to draw connections between the text and their own lives nowadays.

·   Canadian Culture and Traditions    This site contains links to study Canadian culture, communities, etc. Lots of information to explore.   

·   Heritage Alphabet    This website contains facts (organized alphabetically) about the historical, natural and cultural past of Alberta.  It has sections for kids, teens and adults. 

·   Places to Go-Alberta On-line Encyclopedia  Within the pages of this site you will find information about museums, archives, historic sites as well as heritage organizations and foundations that help to preserve and interpret our heritage.  

·   Videos   The Chinese Violin, From far Away, Jump Up, and Lights for Gita are short (5-10 minute) animated videos about children new to Canada and their links to their family’s past.

·   Did You Know?   A “do you know?” quiz about aboriginal inventions and contributions to modern medicine, food and life.

·   Resources and Activities   A list of primary level resources, stories and activities, both print and downloadable, about Canadian aboriginal people. 

·   Claire and Her Grandfather   A story about the contributions aboriginal people have made to Canada . 

·   Famous Aboriginals   Short profiles of famous Aboriginal Canadians and their contributions to our society in everything from acting to politics. 

·   Canadian Cultures and Traditions   This site contains links to study Canadian culture, communities, etc. Lots of information to explore.

1.S.2 Develop skills of historical thinking…

·        Long Ago This site has 4 short (1-3 minute) narratives and one 3 minute video about different facets of life in the olden days.

1.S.3 Develop skills of geographic thinking…

·        Classroom Architect: Outline Your Classroom Floor Plan A classroom mapping tool that allows students to click and drag the class furniture into place.

·    MapQuest This program contains maps of all cities and towns.

·    Running Map  This program shows both a satellite view and a map of communities and allows you to plot a route and find out the distance traveled.

·    Google Earth  This free (safe) download allows you to visit any place on earth.  

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Grade Two

2.1.1 Appreciate the physical and human geography of the communities studied... 

·    Aboriginal Groups in the Canadian Regions  This site shows the location of aboriginal groups in the Canadian regions.  It also shows the location of the different languages.

·    Acadia: Lifestyles in the Day of Our Ancestors  The visit will take you on a tour of each building at the Acadian Historical Village and the daily activities or traditions associated with it. 

·    Brain Pop Jr.- Rural, Suburban and Urban  Short primary student friendly cartoon that investigates the differences between rural, suburban and urban communities. 

·    Arctic Alphabet Phenomenal resource. Explore the artic through the alphabet. Each word in the alphabet links to another website and to pictures. Includes links to Arctic Circle, Arctic Ocean, Baffin Island , Glaciers, Icebergs, Mackenzie River etc.

2.1.2 Investigate the physical geography of an Inuit, an Acadian, and a prairie community in Canada by exploring and reflecting the following questions for inquiry...

·    Native  Culture Site This site has links to Myth, Stories, Masks, Music, Drums, and Dance.  It includes some awesome videos with dance and drumming.

·    Nunavut Climate and Geography This site has general information on Nunavut including the geography, Climate,

·    Nunavut Picture Source Need some pictures for a project on Nunavut?  Want to explore the daily life?  Check out this picture file.

·      Community on Kugluk Nunavut   Grade 7 students talk about the community of Kugluk, Nunavut  

·     Nunavut Geography  Here students can read and find out about the geography of Nunavut .

·    Nunavut   This Time for Kids site has information about the geography and the history and government of Nunavut .

·      Nova Scotia's Tourism Site   Download Nova Scotia music,  photo-tours, videos, etc. 

·      People of the Arctic   This child friendly site talks about the people, homes, clothing and transportation.  The introduction talks about services in the small communities. 

·      The Arctic This child friendly site talks about the land, weather and living in the Arctic

·     A Day in the Life of an Inuit Child This Child friendly site explores a day in the life of Louisa.  There is pictures and a timeline of her day.

·     Life in Nuavik This child friendly site explores the community of Nunavik.  It talks about many services that are available and has lots of pictures.

·      Nordys Northern Lights Video showing the movement of the Northern Lights.  Very exciting as many students have never experienced this phenomenon! 

·     Canadian Inuit Pictures   Great photos of  many different Inuit peoples with a section on Canadian Inuit.

·     Arctic Picture Journey  Take a photo tour of the Arctic wilderness!

·     Black Gold A site that lets you compare the weather between the 3 communities. 

·      Scholastic Arctic Resources   Scholastic offers links to great Arctic resources. Very useful for a research project.

·      Husky Dog    Interesting trivia about Arctic life, helps students compare to  our own experiences. 

·     Black Gold Images Collection Resources about Inuit and Acadian communities.

·  Inuit Life in Nunavik Description of the daily life of an Inuit child. 

·     Inuit Sampler  A Web Sampler activity from the Central Alberta Regional Consortium (CARC). Explore sites to answer questions about the daily life of an Inuit child. 

·     Nunavut Geography    Here students can read and find out about the geography of Nunavut .

2.1.3 Investigate the cultural and linguistic characteristics of an Inuit, an Acadian and a prairie community in Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry... 

·     Build a Tipi This site allows the child to virtually build a Tipi.  It explains the steps used in the process.

·   Listen to the Language Using the pull down menu at the top of the page one can choose a first nation language and hear certain words spoke. Also one can click on the provinces and find what languages are spoken.

·     Native Facts Game his site has a print out sheet that is folded to make a game of facts for student to play. 

·     Pow Wow Outfits Explains now Native Identity is fostered by their dance and native clothing.  This site show some examples of the native clothing.  The link at the bottom of the page fives information about the history of beads. 

·     Stories from the Blackfoot Stoney and Tsuu Tina (Sarcee) This site  has stories from Aboriginal Groups.  Sharing stories of the Blackfoot Stoney and Tsuu Tina ( Sacree) are ways to appreciate differences.

·     Aboriginal Legends A large selection of orally told legend are written down for one to read and enjoy on this site.

·     Listen to Slavery Phrases A very child friendly site with Slavey phrases to click on and listen to.

·     A Game from Indian and Northern  Affairs Canada   This game quizzes several area of knowledge about Aboriginal people.

·   Inuit Video Story   This video clip tells the story of the Inuksuk.  One can hear and watch an Inuit drumming. 

·     Nunavut Information This site has general information on Nunavut including the geography and climate.

·    Iqualuit This site gives a brief description of the capital city of Nunavut  

·   A National Geographic Website on Nunavut   This national geography site has information on the economy and climate. 

·   Community of Kuluk Nunavut Grade 7 students talk about the community of Kugluk , Nunavut . They speak about how being part of Nunavut might impact their community in the future.

·     Indian and Northern Affaires Canada A video describing the history behind the Inukshuk.

·      Canada's Digital Collections Michael Kusugak explains through an audio file why the oral traditions of the Inuit people are so important. Students can read along and watch a video as he talks.

·     Inuit Myths Young students can read Inuit myths to try and understand the oral traditions of a different culture. (beginning reading level).

·      Build a Tipi This site allows the child to virtually build a Tipi.  It explains the steps used in the process.

2.2.1 Appreciate how stories of the past connect individuals and communities to the present.

·      Images Canada  Search for any images of Canada, great historical pictures.

·      Heroes and Yore and Lore  Focus on a hero like Terry Fox to show students all our communities have people like him in common.

·   Join a Cattle Drive Follow along on a cattle drive through the United States, very similar to how the early Albertans cared for their animals.

·      Acadian Life Styles in the Day of Our Ancestors     This website offers three different types of exploration into an Acadian village of the past.  The Exhibition is a theme presentation of the life of Acadians in past centuries. Each of the themes is divided into sub themes covering several aspects of Acadian traditions and cultures. The Visit will take you on a tour of each building at the Acadian Historical Village and the daily activities or traditions associated with it. The four games provide you with an opportunity to discover Acadia while having fun.

·      The Royal Alberta Museum- Exploring Alberta New Social Studies Resources. Are you looking for resources to enhance your teaching of the new Social Studies curriculum? Look no further! We offer programs that cover many specific outcomes of the new curriculum.

·      Explore Hershel Island This site is full of pictures and text about life in the North. Although Herschel Island is located off the coast of the Yukon, it still provides a valuable insight into the lives of the Inuit people of the present. This site also has many great stories from the past.

·      Tigana Learns About the Acadians of Nova Scotia A grade two student from Lethbridge , AB travels to Nova Scotia and interviews people in the Acadian community of Meteghan to learn about life in an Acadian community (past and present) Includes audio and video clips. 

2.2.2 Appreciate how Aboriginal and Francophone peoples have influenced the development of the student’s community.

·      Important Aboriginal People   This site is a source of Profiles. Aboriginal people in Canada - devoted individuals who have made a real difference in their fields: writers, actors, musicians, athletes and more!

2.2.3 Appreciate the importance of collaboration and living in harmony.

·      UN: The Peace Poem   This link has some examples of students submitting their own two lines to make a cumulative peace poem. Each two lines was accompanied by  a picture. This would be a good idea to do in  your own classroom.

·      UNA: Canda Educational Resources   This site provides students views on issues such as endangered animals, human rights, terrorism, pollution, abuse and starvation and gives examples of different ways these topics can be addressed. Includes lessons for teachers as well.

·      Dragon Tales Episode   This is a good lesson that is tied into a Dragon Tales episode related to teamwork and collaboration.

·      K-2 Cooperative Games and Resources   This site provides link to four different cooperative game units. Use these in PE to tie in with this outcome in the SS curriculum, stressing the importance of collaboration and cooperation.

2.2.4 Appreciate how connections to a community contribute to one’s identity.

·     Nunanut Living Dictionary   Students can type in any word and learn how to write it in Inuktitut.

2.2.6 Analyze how the community being studied emerged, by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry.

·     Saskatoon Stories   Interactive timeline with the history of Saskatchewan, very applicable to the Albertan prairies.

·     The Acadian Odyssey   On this website you will find several photos in the gallery of Acadian communities in the past and present. Along with each photo in the gallery in a few sentences pertaining to the photo.

·     Long Time Ago Media Resource  This resource is based around 6 different pictures taken long ago. Each picture is accompanied by an audio file. They can help students understand what it was like to be a homesteader in the prairies.

·     Picturing Canadian Culture  This website has several pictures of Alberta pioneers along with information to accompany each picture.

·     The Kids Site of Canadian Trains    Trains have played a big part in Canada 's history. Discover Canada 's train stories from the people who were there! Includes activities and lesson plans.

2.2.7 Examine how the community being studied has changed, by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions for inquiry...

·      Nunavut Climate Change  This site points to the North and the effect climate change has had on it over time. 

·      Changes in Our Community  This website provides information on changes over time in transportation, communication, homes, school and toys and games. It also provides Kidspiration templates for students to record these changes.

 

2.S.3 Develop skills of geographic thinking. 

·      Using Cardinal Directions   This site uses cardinal direction to allow a child to navigate the school bus through the town to a given location. 

·      Sheppard Software   Make use of different interactive maps to help students understand geography.

General Sites (Grade 2)

·      Native Site   This site has links to Myth, Stories, Masks, Music, Drums, and Dance.  It includes some awesome videos with dance and drumming.

·      Nunavut Web Portal   This is the 2Learn site list of links for Nunavut.  

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Grade Three

3.1.1 Appreciate similarities and differences among people and communities.  

·      Living in Tunisia   This is a 27 page power point comparing the similarities and differences between Tunisia and Canada . 

·      Living in Peru   This is a 22 page power point comparing the similarities and differences between Peru and Canada .

·      Living in India   This is a 40 page power point comparing the similarities and differences between India and Canada . 

·      Grade Three Lakeview School- Lethbridge   Everything you want is here to introduce the students to the 4 countries of Tunisia , Peru , Ukraine and India.

·      Tiki Visits Peru   Tiki introduces you to Peru . There are 5 slide show that introduce you to the regions of Peru .

·      Welcome to India   Travel with Mom, Dad,  David and Darleen to India . visit Mumbai, Mysore , Thissur, ,Jaipar for Diwalli and the river Ganges . There are also some wonderful stories and some print and color pages.

·      Kids Love 2Learn-Ukraine   This is a portal to several Ukrainian sites. Many of them focus on Ukrainian Easter eggs and facts about the Ukraine. You can also  find a site list for India ,   Peru,  and Tunisia, here.

3.1.2  Students will examine the social, cultural and linguistic characteristics that affect quality of life in communities in other parts of the world by exploring and reflecting upon questions from 3.1.2

·      Tunisian Society   This site gives census findings for population in Tunisia including specific information for discussions of quality of life, such as households with telephones and refrigerators.

·      Going to School  Excellent student site which describes students experiences in school across India . There is also a video that you can get from Amazon.com

·      Indian Celebrations and Holidays   This site details several traditional Indian celebrations, such as Diwali and Holi. 

·      Medical Needs in Peru  An article about the rampant diseases the poor people in Peru suffer from and what is being done to help.

·      Working With Children in Peru  An article about working children in Peru who don’t go to school.

·      ePals: Connecting With Other Children Around the World  A site designed to connect classrooms around the world.  Has sections for teachers as well as students. 

·      World Health Organization   Good map which shows the clear correlation between number of health care workers and population density around the world. 

·      WebQuest: Comparing Life in India and Canada   Web quest which provides task, process, and evaluation.

·      Culture for Peru  Excellent source of pictures to show cultural diversity in Peru . 

·      Culture and Traditions in Peru  Photo Gallery for culture and traditions of Peru .  Pictures are printable. 

·      Culture in Four Countries  A simple game where children match items to the cultures that they originate from. 

·   Culture Profiles Project   Gives an overview of life and customs in India, Peru and the Ukraine. 

·   Tour Holiday Traditions Information about different cultural holidays.

·      A Day in the Life   This site provides a timeline for a day in the life of a boy in India .

·      Rich and Poor  Compares quality of life in India for a rich child and a poor child, using visuals and text. 

·     Alberta Culture Quest- Ukraine  Lots of useful information about the Ukrainian culture. 

·     Lights for Gita  A story (video format) about a little girls who is celebrating her first Diwalli in Canada. Login/password needed to access this Learn Alberta web site.

·     Say Hello  You can say "hello" in many languages.   

·     Quality of Life WebQuest  If you don’t do anything else stop here!  

3.1.3  Students will examine characteristics that shape communities in other parts of the world by exploring and reflecting upon questions from 3.1.3

·      Google Earth  Fly to Tunisa , India , Peru or the Ukraine . Google earth allows you to travel to these countries and see what they look like. Googel Earth needs to be downloaded to your computer in order to access these maps. (free download)

·      The World Fact Book  Search by country for information on geography and natural resources.

·      Ecotour of Peru  Travel site that provides information and pictures about physical geography of Peru . 

·      Geography of India  Teacher information for the geography of India . 

·      Geography of Peru  Teacher information for the geography of Peru . 

·      Videos of Peru  Short videos about different parts of Peru .  Would promote discussion as the teacher is able to pause the videos at different points. 

·      African Animals  Webcam views of different African animals in their natural habitat.

·      Comparing  Compare landscapes   and environments of India , Peru , Tunisia   and the Ukraine . This WebQuest uses Photostory 3 to compare landscapes and environments in India , Tunisa , Ukraine and India . Excellent publisher templates.

·      David Suzuki For Kids  David tells the kids about 10 easy things they can do to preserve nature.

 3.1.4 Students will examine economic factors that shape communities in other parts of the world by exploring and reflecting on questions from 3.1.4

·      Working Children in Peru  An article about working children in Peru who don’t go to school. 

·      The World Fact Book  Search by country for information on geography and natural resources.

·      The Economy of Peru  Gives teacher information about goods and services, exports and imports, and main forms of technology, transportation and communication of  Peru .

·      The Economy of India  This site provides teacher information about goods and services, exports and imports, and main forms of technology, transportation and communication of India .

 

3.2.2 Students will explore the concept of global citizenship by reflecting upon questions from 3.2.2

·      Voices of Youth Around the World  This web site has three sections Explore, Speak Out, and Take Action.  Ideas to get involved. 

·      Free the Children  Free the Children is the worlds largest organization of children helping children.  There are links to projects to become involved in. 

·   The Canadian Red Cross  A good historical account of the Red Cross and Henry Dunant.

·      The American Red Cross  Home Page of the American Red Cross.

·      The Rights of the Child (Part 1)  A nice photo essay outlining 13 of the rights of children. (Note: this has an adult reading level) 

·      The Rights of the Child (Part 2) Second part of above. 

·      Friends of the Family   A  short video that explains  some of the reasons why it is important to support UNICEF. 

·      Doctors Without Borders   This site introduces the viewer to the important work that Doctors Without Borders does. 

·      Free the Children This site introduces the viewer to the Free the Children organization and heir newest projects.

 

3.S.3 Develop skills for geographical thinking.

·      Relief Map of the World  Site provides instructions to make a relief map map of the world.  Excellent hands on project to teach physical geography.

·      Printable Outline Maps  Source of printable outline maps for each continent.  Capital cities marked.

·      Online Atlas  Online atlas

·      Printable Outline Maps  Another source of printable maps from National Geographic. 

·      National Geographic Kids  Excellent source of games for teaching geography skills

3.S.8 Students demonstrate skills of oral, written and visual literacy 

·      Send Me a Postcard  Students use Postcard Creator to describe the unique features of a country. 

·      ePals: Connecting With Other Children Around the World   A site designed to connect classrooms around the world.  Has sections for teachers as well as students. 

 

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Grade Four 

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 Grade Five 

5.1.1 Value Canada ’s physical geography and natural environment

·      Blackgold Physiographic Regions  Complete lesson plan for student/group work in appreciating the diversity and natural resources of Canada .  Project is outlined for student use and evaluation.

·      Physical Maps of Canada  Site contains maps of the regions of Canada , physiographic region maps and relief Maps. 

5.1.2 critically examine the physical geography of Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.1.2

·  Learn Alberta: Included in the grade 5 Social Studies section are some great CBC archives that contain either video clips or sound clips that show examples of how severe weather has affected Canada and how the country united around one another during these times.

·      Geographical Physical Regions of Canada  This brief site provides a map and some useful information. Easy to read and follow.

·      Canada Info Link   This site has some extreme weather stories, including pictures.  There is also a general description of the climate across Canada with identifying factors that determine the climate in each region. 

·      Can Teach  A lesson plan that has groups of students research various regions of Canada and present their findings.  An extension also has them research the aboriginal groups of that region. 

·      Nature Canada  This site explains how and why Canada ’s parks are protected.

·      Disasters and Tragedies: CBC Archives   A series of video clips showing severe weather in Canada .

·      What Does Canada Look Like?   A webquest, complete with exemplar, rubric and resource links, on Canada ’s regions.

·      Environment Canada   A quick explanation how water is used.

·      Geographic Regions of Canada- Key   A quick chart that outlines the landforms of each region.

·      Canada: Its Geography and People   A unit developed by Alberta teachers.

·       Les Régions Géographiques du Canada    En Francais.

·      Découvrir les six régions géographiques du Canada    En Francais.

 

5.2.1 Appreciate the complexity of identity in the Canadian context (see specific bullets in Program of Studies).

·      Storytelling: Aboriginal Culture and Traditions   Explains about oral traditions, narratives and stories as valid sources of knowledge. 

·      Social Studies: Grade 5- Unit Two Heritage    Sample unit plan used in a grade five Saskatchewan classroom, with links and projects on Canada ’s First Peoples.   

·      Edukits: Aboriginal Youth Identity- Health and Wellness    General information on selected Aboriginal Groups, on their lifestyle and how changes in society affected their identify. 

·      CBC Champlain Anniversary    Story of the Mi’kmaq way of life and how the coming and presence of the French affected their way of life. 

·      History: Creation Story    Well-known Haida creation story. Last paragraph explains the story.    

·      Pictograph Robes of the Plains First Nations    Story Robes (buffalo robes) are one way histories and beliefs  were recorded. Site includes picture of a Story Robe and written stories that go with the robe. Also available in French.

 

5.2.2 Critically examine the ways of life of Aboriginal peoples in Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.2.

·      Storytelling: Aboriginal Cultures and Traditions   A variety of stories from all perspectives Metis, Inuit and First Nations. Explains and gives examples of how storytelling has been a vital part of the Aboriginal Peoples culture. 

·      Edukits: Aboriginal Youth Identity Series   A great lesson and partner project that encompasses the first 3 bullets of 5.2.2

·      Edukits: Aboriginal Youth Series: Language and Culture   General information about native groups. 

·      Edukits: Aboriginal Youth Identity Series: Spirituality and Creation   Some information regarding ways anthropology and archaeology contribute to our understanding of First Nations peoples.  Some pictures in the photo gallery of petroglyphs. 

·  History by the Minute: This site includes video, and audio clips from two Aboriginals groups with links to brief lesson plans and worksheets. 

·      Canada's First Nations   Good information for teachers. Too much informative for grade 5 students.

·      Champlain- First Nations Picture   Champlain-First Nations picture. Great for teaching perspectives!

·      Niksokowa: Our Way of Life   Glenbow Museum site about the Blackfoot people. Site has information on; traditional stories (read in English or listen to an audio file in the Blackfoot language), how they lived with the land, their world, and how they lived with their families. Site also available in French and Blackfoot languages. 

·  Gifting and Feasting in the Northwest Coast Potlatch   Defines what a Potlatch is, Food and Feasting, and Gifting in a Potlatch. Site contains very good photos for each section.

·      Northwest Coast Indians: Winter Celebrations Potlatch   Champlain-First Nations picture. Great for teaching perspectives! (in pdf format)

·  The Kids Site of Canadian Settlement: Plains Cree   This site contains information on history, daily life and culture of the Plains Cree.

·      The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture   This site contains a wealth of information on the Métis. It contains oral histories, stories, celebrations and heritage information.

·      The Kid's Site of Alberta Settlement- Métis   Information on Métis history, daily life, and culture.

· The Royal Alberta Museum   Information about the Fur Trade and Archaeology in Alberta.

5.2.3 Critically examine ways of life in New France by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.3

·  Passageways: True Tales of Adventures for Young Explorers   A list of  information on four explorers (Cabot, Cartier, Frobisher, Davis).  Also include a section with actual teacher lesson plans, worksheets and assessment to use while using the website. 

·      Passageways: True Tales of Adventurers for Young Explorers  Outlines a research activity, using the Parks Canada website about Voyageurs and the fur trade. 

·     The Kid's Site of Canadian Settlement: Habitants  This page talks about the life of a habitant. 

·  In the Voyager's Footsteps   Outlines a research activity, using the Parks Canada website, about Voyageurs and the fur trade.

5.2.4 Critically examine ways of life of the fur traders by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.4 

·      Exploration: The Fur Trade and the Hudson Bay Company  Interesting business section with stories, information, and actual procedures on how the natives would trade with the fur traders.  Also includes links to famous people of that time, important acquisitions, and an extensive timeline.  Lots of reading, (too much for grade 5 students) but great for teachers to maybe pre-read and pick out certain parts for the students. 

·      HBC: Our History  Interesting business section with stories, information, and actual procedures on how the natives would trade with the fur traders.  Also includes links to famous people of that time, important acquisitions, and an extensive timeline.  Lots of reading, (too much for grade 5 students) but great for teachers to maybe pre-read and pick out certain parts for the students. 

·      Fur Trade Stories  This site contains real stories and journal entries about the fur trade in Canada . Good site but hard to navigate. Take a good look before getting students to look at it. Giving specific questions to answer would be a good idea beforehand. 

5.2.5 Critically examine ways of life of the United Empire Loyalists by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.5

·      Mysteries of Canada  Background information on the United Empire Loyalists from one person’s perspective.  Mostly a Teacher’s Website. 

·      United Empire Loyalists  This is a good site for teachers for background use (too wordy for 5’s). It explains the settlement of upper and lower Canada by the loyalists and who they are, and why they were important for Canada . 

·  New Brunswick: Our Stories, Our People  Site includes a brief overview of the Loyalists in Canada .  Under menu – “Tell Your Story” – ancestors of loyalists tell their family members story of coming to Canada and show their contribution to Canada ’s diversity.  One story is about a Black Loyalist. 

·    Canadian Heritage Gallery  Site has many images of Loyalists coming to Canada .  Pictures can be viewed online or purchased.

·    Loyalists and the American Revolution  Useful teacher information.

·    Canadian Heritage Gallery  Site has many images of Loyalists coming to Canada .  Pictures can be viewed online or purchased.

5.2.6 Critically examine the ways of life of immigrants from the British Isles during the Great Migration by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.6

·   The Kids Site of Canadian Settlement: Irish  This site contains information on history, daily life and culture of Irish immigrants to Canada . 

5.2.7 Critically examine how the North-West Mounted Police shaped ways of life in Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.7

·    NWMP Commemorative Association  Stories from the North West Mounted Police with Historical Videos showing many different perspectives.  There is an address on this website for educational institutions to order a free copy. 

·    North West Mounted Police  Gives information about who they are, why they were needed, and how Canada was settled. 

5.2.8 Critically examine ways of life of non-European immigrants by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.2.8

·    History By the Minute Video clips, and audio clips about Chinese immigrants, and Black immigrants into Canada and their contributions to diversity in Canada . 

·     Black Canadian History Talks about why Blacks came to Canada and how the settled. The hardships they endured. 

·    Parks Canada: The Underground Railroad Contains background information a story, and secret songs and words.

·      National Geographic: Underground Railway This site takes students on a journey through the Underground Railroad. 

·      The Kids site of Canadian Settlement: The Chinese History, life and culture of Chinese immigrants to Canada . 

·      Not Welcome Anymore A video clip describing the persecution of Chinese immigrants after the railroad was built. 

5.2.9 Critically examine how European immigrants shaped ways of life in Western Canada by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions and issues from 5.2.9

·      The Kids Site of Canadian Settlement: Ukrainians and Russians Teacher resources and unit for Ukrainian and Russian settlers.  Site is designed for students in grades 4 to 6.  Information would be easy for students to read and understand. 

·      Doukhobors Good information about Doukhobors ideals and ways of life.  Some information about their coming to Canada . 

·      A Scattering of Seeds: The Creation of Canada Under “Episodes” from the History Channel the reader will find stories of immigrants from Russia , among others, that tell of contributions to Canada.

·      A Scattering of Seeds: The Creation of Canada This site has information on German Immigration, the obstacles faced and their legacy.

·      Ukrainian Canadians: a Brief History Brief, easy to read information about the immigration of Ukrainians to Canada .  Pictures depict  a poster to encourage emigration, a homestead, church and immigrants. 

·      Contact: the Canadian West An overview of western settlements and immigrants.  Articles and pictures of specific groups are included. 

·      Alberta: Land of Opportunity A description of settlement in Alberta with links to specific ethnic groups such as; German, Russian, Ukrainian, Chinese etc.  Also included are stories that can be listened to – Real Player required.

·      About Canada: Multiculturalism in Canada A good article outlining how European immigrants were pressured to conform to Western Canada.

·      Immigration to Western Canada An overview of immigration in general, including hardships and discrimination.  Pictures accompany.

5.3.1 Appreciate how changes impact citizenship and identity (see Program of Studies).

·      Canada in the Making A website with many links on different Canadian topics, with one of them being Confederation.

·      Confederation for Kids An excellent overview of Confederation which includes all of the provinces as well as how economic and political changes impacted ways of life.  Site also includes a gallery which contains maps and pictures.

·      Wikipedia: Bilingualism in Canada A detailed description outlining French and English as Canada ’s official languages dating back to Confederation.

·      For Teachers: Canadian Confederation A research lesson plan on Confederation for teachers.

5.3.2 Critically assess the changes that occurred in Canada immediately following Confederation by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 5.3.2

·      The Story of the Canadian Pacific Railway   This site takes you through the background and building of the CPR.

·      The CPR: A Symbol of Triumph or Tragedy?    Critical Thinking Challenge using multiple perspectives on the building of the CPR. 

·      Confederation for Kids   A quick summary of Macdonald’s and Cartier’s contribution to confederation. 

·      Keys to History   A video clip about Confederation. 

·      Continuing Negotiations   A video clip outlining the history of the treatment  of Aboriginal Peoples from past to present. 

·      CPC: From Sea to Sea   A video clip outlining how the Scots contributed to the building of the railway  - connection to the outcome 5.2.6 

·      Forging the National Dream   A video clip explaining how the building of Canada ’s national railway affected the development of Canada.

·      Ties That Bind  Explains the importance of the railways to Canada.

·      The Prime Ministers of Canada  Discusses John A Macdonald and confederation. Make sure to click on the audio icons for more information.

·      The Canadian Railroad Trilogy  Words to Gordon Lightfoot's Canadian Railroad Trilogy

5.3.3 Critically assess how the Famous Five brought about change in Canada.

·      The Famous Five Heroes for Today  An excellent multimedia resource from Alberta Heritage on the lives and achievements of the Famous Five. Quickly gives information about the who, what, when, and why of the group. Briefly identifies what they did to change Canadian laws. 

·      The Famous Five Heritage Edukit  Great information on the Famous Five.  Don’t forget to use the Student Zone for pictures, video clips, etc. This site contains teacher and student sections. The teacher section contains lesson plans, while the student section contains audio and video clips, photo gallery, and readings and quotations. 

5.3.4 Critically assess how economic booms and crashes affected ways of life in Canada.

·      Memories of Chinook, Alberta in the 1930's  Here you will find personal recollections and photographs of Ray Cooley's boyhood in Chinook , Alberta , Canada during the Great Depression of the 1930's. This homepage will inform you of the effects The depression had on Canada and its people.

·      Great Depression of Canada  Here you will find personal recollections and photographs of Ray Cooley's boyhood in Chinook , Alberta , Canada during the Great Depression of the 1930's. This homepage will inform you of the effects The depression had on Canada and its people.

 

5.3.5 Critically assess how historical events shaped collective identity in the Canadian context.

·      A Flag of Canada  Watch clips from CBC archives on the flag debate, see the historical timeline and read about the debate that split the nation. 

·   The Making of the Canadian Flag     The story of Joan O'Malley who sewed the first Canadian Flag along with other flag information.

·      History By the Minute- The Canadian Flag  Video and Synopsis about deciding on the Canadian Flag.

·      Library and Archives- Submitted Flag Designed  View submitted flag designs that give reasons for the symbols on the drawings. 

·      The Canadian Contribution to the United Nations Peace Keeping  Outlines what caused the creation of UN Peacekeeping Force, Pearson’s role and Canada ’s history as a peacekeeper

·      The History of Canadian  A lesson on how to introduce the Importance of the Canadian flag and it’s adoption.

·     Confederation For Kids: Nunavut  This site provides two clear explanations why the Inuit wanted to create Nunavut .

5.S.9 Develop skills of media literacy.

·     Mavericks  Glenbow Museum site. Contains good information and activities on NWMP, railway, plus many other topics. Also available in French. 

General Sites

·     Learn Alberta  Great website with collections of CBC archives on various topics, and a great Railways and Immigration that has a great Timeline. 

·      Government of Canada: History of Canada  Great website with collections of CBC archives on various topics, and a great Railways and Immigration that has a great Timeline. 

·      History, Social Studies and Geography  A website with hundreds of links on various Social Studies topics. Great links for a teacher to use but there are activities and lessons included as well.

  ·      Pier 21  Great site for information on who immigrated to Canada before war and after war. What were the different reasons for immigration, and very easy to use. 

·      Blackgold Grade 5 Web Site  Excellent resource site for 5.1 and 5.2 topics. 

·      O' Canada: The True North Strong and Free  A newspaper type website that covers many of the outcomes for the grade 5 Social Studies curriculum.

·     Canadian Heritage Gallery  A collection of images useful throughout the Social Studies program. 

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Grade Six

6.1.2  Demonstrate an understanding of the fundamental principles of democracy by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues in 6.2.1

·  The Principles of Democracy Though its source is the American government, this site outlines the fundamental principles of democracy in general. It goes on to link each principle to the American Constitution. However, one could make the same comparison to the Canadian Constitution.  

·    Democracy for All  Although this is actually a lesson plan for teaching democracy, it is worded and structured in such a way that it would be very useful for students to use as a resource for learning about the principles of democracy.

6.1.3  Analyze how the democratic ideals of equity and fairness have influenced legislation in Canada over time by exploring and reflecting upon the  questions and issues: in 6.1.3

·  Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Political Institutions and Process- Representative Democracy in Action Be sure to follow the links both forward and back from this starting page to gather all of the available information on the topic of what is an electorate and who has (and had) the right to vote. This government sponsored site provides information at a reading level appropriate for grade 6 research.

·  Elections Canada Online: Electoral Insight- Exploring Issues of Aboriginal Representation in Federal Elections  Though the language level of this document may prove quite challenging to students, it provides an excellent insight into the perspective of the aboriginal peoples of Canada with regard to the political system and its fairness to them as a people.

·  CBC Archives: Voting in Canada- How a Privilege Became a Right  On this page there are a number of excellent resources on changes in Canadian policy with regard to fairness and equity in the election process. The feature This article is a video clip of Prime Minister Diefenbaker being awarded a ceremonial headdress for his role in getting first nations people the right to vote. But at the bottom of the page are links to the Nellie McClung story on women's suffrage, an article about Quebec women's right to vote and the question.

·  Elections Canada Online: Electoral Insight- Leonard Marchand, the First Status Indian Elected to Parliament   This article speaks about the struggle of First Nations People with regard to representation in Canadian politics. It features the story of the first "Status Indian" person elected to Parliament and later appointed to the Senate.

• ·  Colonialism Timeline   This site, provided as course material by the University of Victoria, outlines some of the significant changes in policy towards First Nations People from 1670 to 1986, including rights to vote and own property.

  6.1.4  Analyze the structure and functions of local governments in Alberta by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues raised in 6.1.4

  ·  Alberta Municipal Affairs: What are Municipalities?  The language used on this page is quite formal and may be challenging to some students, but the site, provided by the Government of Alberta, outlines the roles, purposes and structure of municipalities in Alberta. It defines three different types of municipalities found in Alberta, and even links to detailed information about specific municipalities in the province so that students could easily contact their representatives to find out information or engage in social action projects.

  6.1.5  Analyze the structure and functions of Alberta’s provincial government by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues raised in 6.1.5

  ·  About.com: Who Can Vote in Alberta?  Though this site does contain a significant amount of advertising, about.com offers visitors well organized information on a wide range of topics including the structure and function of provincial and federal governments. The language level may prove challenging for some students, but is of a reasonable level for grade 6 research purposes.

  ·  Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation Ministry Structure This document is quite lengthy and provides specific details about the make up of one particular ministry and the various roles within that ministry. It also explains in detail what that ministry is responsible for and how one could go about gathering more information about issues related to this ministry. The visual organization charts are particularly valuable in showing students the hierarchical nature of the structure and how complex the structures really are. 

  6.2.1  Appreciate the relationship between the values of a society and the model of government adopted within a society

  ·  Iroquois Story of Creation  The site provides information about the way the Iroquois Nation is structured, the member nations, and the traditional territory for each nation. It also has a number of links to additional information at the bottom of the page, including a telling of the Iroquois Creation Story that reveals some important beliefs and values of the Iroquois people. The language is a bit formal, but it is a useful source of information.

  ·  Welcome to Peace 4 Turtle Island  This website reveals many of the beliefs, values, traditions and customs of each of the Six Nations as well as some information about their history and their role in the Confederacy. 

  ·  Yarrow: The Great Law of Peace- the New World Roots of American Democracy  While this site talks quite a bit about the link between the democracy of the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States Constitution, it also spends a good deal of its time on the beliefs and values of the Iroquois peoples and how those values influenced the type of government they developed. To get to the information on the Iroquois value system, skip down two sections to the heading "The First United Nations".

  6.2.2  Value the role of participation by citizens in diverse democratic societies

  ·  Lecture 10: The Beginnings of Democracy  In relatively simple language this site identifies the unique factors that made the Ancient Athenian Democracy unusual. It explains what constituted a citizen of the state, how decisions were made, how officials were chosen, the role of citizens in the government and what difficulties direct democracy of this type posed.

  6.2.3  Analyze the structure and functions of the democratic system in ancient Athens by exploring and reflecting upon the  questions and issues raised in 6.2.3

  ·  Ancient Democracy: History for Kids  This site provides an explanation of Athenian democracy at a simplified level suitable for students with lower reading levels. It covers some of the most important aspects of direct democracy and how representatives were chosen for the council of 500.

  ·  Lecture 10: The Beginnings of Democracy  In relatively simple language this site identifies the unique factors that made the Ancient Athenian Democracy unusual. It explains what constituted a citizen of the state, how decisions were made, how officials were chosen, the role of citizens in the government and what difficulties direct democracy of this type posed. 

  ·  Democracy in Ancient Greece  This site provides a relatively brief look at the structure of Athenian democracy. the author of the site identifies some of direct democracy's strengths and weaknesses. The page also identifies some of the values held by the people of Athens that led to the development of their particular version of democracy.    

  6.2.4  Analyze the structure and functions of the Iroquois Confederacy by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues raised in 6.2.4

  ·  Sovereign People: The Iroquois Nation  This relatively brief, hyperlinked document provides some basic background on the Iroquois Confederacy. Individual pages are manageable reading segments and hyperlinks lead to more information on related topics. The main focus of this site is the formation of the Confederacy. 

  ·  Haudenosaunee  This site provides a clear and easy to follow outline of the political and decision making structure of the Iroquois Confederacy in the section called government. It also provides background on some of the beliefs and values held by these people. The language level, though relatively formal, is reasonable for grade 6 level.

  ·  Constitution of the Iroquois Nation  This site contains the Constitution of the Iroquois Nations. It lays out how the culture is organized, how its government is structured and how decisions are made. The language level is a bit high for grade 6 and may require some decoding and student interpretation, but excellent information.

  ·  The Six Nations: Oldest Living Participatory Democracy on Earth  This site an excellent collection of images and brief information pieces about the history and structure of the Iroquois Confederacy and its participatory democracy system. The hyperlinked nature may prove confusing to some, but the site contains a significant amount of important background and history on these people. 

  6.S.2  Develop skills of historical thinking

  ·  America's History in the Making: Historical Thinking Skills Interactives  Excellent interactive resources for coming to understand the four major aspects of historical thinking. More appropriate as a teacher resource, though it may be beneficial for students in divisions 3 and 4. The site provides four interactive activities for learners to explore that help to clarify what it means to think historically.

  6.S.3  Develop skills of historical thinking

  ·  Geographic Inquiry: Thinking Geographically  An excellent resource for helping students understand what it means to think geographically. This resource provides guiding questions and strategies for going about thinking about events and situations in a way that takes into account the geographic factors that contribute its being.  

  6.S.3  Develop skills of media literacy

  ·  Media Awareness 

   

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 Grade Seven

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Grade Eight

8.1.1 Appreciate the roles of time and geographic location in shaping a society’s worldview. 

·     Japan-Guide.com Overview site with lots of hyperlinks, perhaps a good starting point. 

·     Japanese Historical Maps Needs a viewer which is available on site. Primary source maps from the 1600s. 

8.1.5 Analyze the effects of cultural isolation during the Edo period by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 8.1.5

·     Timeline of Japanese History     Gives short summaries on a variety of topics covering the historical periods up to the Edo period. 

·     History of Japanese History   A plethora of links about Japanese history. 

·     Welcome to Edo     A virtual tour of the City of Edo with traditional pictures and explanations.

8.1.6 Analyze the effects that rapid adaptation had on traditionally isolated Japan during the Meiji period by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 8.1.6

·     Meiji Restoration A site that takes the visitor on a journey (with a guide) to discover the Meiji Period of Japanese History. Be sure to click on the menu at the bottom to see the other choices. 

·   The Meiji Period   This is a very attractive site with some good information about the Meiji era of Japanese history.

8.2.1 Appreciate how Renaissance Europe formed the basis for the worldview of the western world. 

·     A Journey Through Time   This site allows students to explore various aspects of the Renaissance through two portals.  Teachers also have a portal at the bottom.  The first page, however, is difficult to read due to the background. 

·     Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance    A PBS site that is based on a PBS series, but has some good info and links to various aspects like art, architecture, politics, science, etc. 

·     The Renaissance Connection    This is an interactive educational web site. Travel 500 years into the past to discover many Renaissance innovations revealed through the Allentown Museum's Samuel H. Kress Collection of European art. There are also middle school lesson plans.  Very fun.  Kids will love this.

·     Leonardo: A Man of Both Worlds    A ThinkQuest exploration of Leonardo and his work.  It has three different levels of exploration; beginner, intermediate and advanced

8.2.2 Demonstrate a willingness to consider differing beliefs, values and worldviews. 

·     The Black Death: 1347-1350    This is an excellent site for an inquiry at the beginning of the unit.  It has all kinds of information on the Black Death and its effects on various aspects of the Renaissance world.

8.2.3 Recognize how beliefs and values are shaped by time, geographic location and societal context.

·    Renaissance Trade Routes This site goes through lots of aspects of trade in Renaissance times.  Visually appealing and easy to navigate.  Something for lots of different interests including a sailing simulator.

8.2.4 Critically examine the factors that shaped the worldview evolving in western Europe during the Renaissance by exploring and reflecting upon the questions and issues from 8.2.4

·    Renaissance: What Inspired This Age of Balance and Order?    This is an interactive guide for students to explore the Renaissance, especially in Italy .  Sections include:  Out of the Middle Ages; Exploration and Trade; Printing and Thinking; Symmetry, Shape and Size; and Focus on Florence .  Check out “Become a Spice Trader.”

·    Welcome to Renaissance Personalities  Lots of directions involved in this website.  Students can click on various categories of personalities including musicians, sculptors, artists, scholars, scientists, architects, etc. 

·   Renaissance Women